Journal: Neurology Research International

Article Title: Subarachnoid Transplant of the Human Neuronal hNT2.19 Serotonergic Cell Line Attenuates Behavioral Hypersensitivity without Affecting Motor Dysfunction after Severe Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

doi: 10.1155/2011/891605

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neural and human markers with differentiation of the hNT2.19 cell line in vitro. The hNT2.19 cell line was treated for two weeks with retinoic acid and mitotic inhibitors and lifted to substrate-coated 8-well plastic TC slides for differentiation and immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific markers. As soon as 4 days in vitro, a variety of neural markers appeared, which remained strong until at least 6 wks of differentiation: TuJ1 (a), hNSE (b), NFL (c), NFM (d), and NFH (e). For comparison, the negative control hNT2.6 cell line was cultured similarly as the hNT2.19 cells and is here stained for TuJ1 (f). Magnification bar = 20 nm, (a–f).

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemistry of sectioned spinal cord tissues, the polyclonal antibody anti-5HT (ab10385; dilution 1/100 (in vivo)) was purchased from Abcam Inc, Cambridge, MA, and the antihuman TuJ1 antibody (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin) was purchased from Neuromics, Edina, MN (MO15013; dilution 1/100 (in vivo).

Techniques: In Vitro, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison, Negative Control, Cell Culture, Staining

Journal: Neurology Research International

Article Title: Subarachnoid Transplant of the Human Neuronal hNT2.19 Serotonergic Cell Line Attenuates Behavioral Hypersensitivity without Affecting Motor Dysfunction after Severe Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

doi: 10.1155/2011/891605

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transplant of hNT2.19 and hNT2.6 cell lines in the severe contusive SCI model: TuJ1 and 5HT immunohistochemistry. Rats were injured with severe contusive SCI followed at two weeks by hNT2.6 (a, b) or hNT2.19 (c, d) cell grafts. Sagittal spinal cord sections were examined at 8 wks after SCI for evidence of surviving lumbar subarachnoid hNT2.6 (a, b) or hNT2.19 (c, d) cell line grafts, utilizing TuJ1 (a, c) or 5HT (b, d) immunohistochemistry. The hNT2.19 and control hNT2.6 (10 6 cells/injection), which had been differentiated for two weeks in vitro, were injected into the subarachnoid space two weeks after the SCI. Cell graft sites were colocalized with 5HT (b, d) and the human-specific marker TUJ1 (neuron-specific class III β -tubulin; (a, c)). There are many surviving hNT2.19 (c) and hNT2.6 (a) grafted cells visible on the pial surface, which stain for TuJ1 (arrows) at the end of the experiment, 56 days after SCI and about 6 weeks after cell transplant. Adjacent sections with the same grafted hNT2.19 (d) and hNT2.6 cells (b) are stained for 5HT, but only the hNT2.19 cells (d) are labeled for 5HT (arrows).

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemistry of sectioned spinal cord tissues, the polyclonal antibody anti-5HT (ab10385; dilution 1/100 (in vivo)) was purchased from Abcam Inc, Cambridge, MA, and the antihuman TuJ1 antibody (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin) was purchased from Neuromics, Edina, MN (MO15013; dilution 1/100 (in vivo).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Control, Injection, In Vitro, Marker, Staining, Labeling

Journal: CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

Article Title: TTBK2‐Driven Ciliogenesis Is Required for Intrinsic Neuronal Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury

doi: 10.1002/cns.70763

Figure Lengend Snippet: TTBK2 regulates primary cilium formation and axonal growth in spinal neurons. (A) Schematic diagram of the primary cilium. Kinesin‐2 comprises KIF3A; TTBK2 is related to the formation of basal bodies. (B, C) Quantitative RT‐qPCR analysis showing efficient knockdown or overexpression of KIF3A and TTBK2 in spinal neurons via adenoviral infection ( n = 6 from 3 independent experiments). (D, E) Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal neurons labeled with MAP2 (green), ACIII (red), and DAPI (blue) in five experimental groups: NC, shKIF3A, shTTBK2, TTBK2‐OE, and shKIF3A + TTBK2‐OE. White arrows indicate PCs. Compared with that in NC, the cilium length was significantly reduced in the shKIF3A, shTTBK2, and shKIF3A + TTBK2‐OE groups, while TTBK2‐OE overexpression led to elongated cilia ( n = 6 from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 20 μm. (F, G) Representative images showing immunolabeling of TUJ1 (green, axons), MAP2 (orange, dendrites), and DAPI (blue, nuclei). Axonal morphology and length were assessed across five groups. KIF3A or TTBK2 knockdown significantly reduced axon length, while TTBK2 overexpression enhanced elongation. shKIF3A + TTBK2‐OE partially rescued axon length compared with that under shKIF3A alone ( n = 5 from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 10 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One‐way ANOVA was performed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The antibodies were rabbit anti‐GFAP (Abcam, ab7260, 1:5000) mouse anti‐beta III Tubulin (TUJ1) (Proteintech, 66375‐1‐Ig, 1:400), chicken anti‐MAP2 (MAP2) (Abcam, ab5392, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐Calb (Abcam, ab108404, 1:150), mouse monoclonal antibody to ACIII (AC3) (Encorbio, MCA‐1A12, 1:1000), chicken anti‐choline acetyltransferase antibody (ChAT) (Sigma‐Aldrich, AB15468, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐TTBK2 (Sigma‐Aldrich, AB805274 , 1:1000), rabbit anti‐neurofilament‐H (NF200) (Cell Signaling, 30564, 1:400), mouse monoclonal [Rat‐401] to nestin‐neural stem cell marker (Nestin) (Abcam, ab6142, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐PSD95 (Cell Signaling, 3450, 1:400), chicken anti‐GAP43 polyclonal antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, PA5‐95660, 1:500), goat anti‐chicken secondary antibody goat anti‐chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor 555) (Abcam, ab150170, 1:2000), goat anti‐rabbit IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 647) (Beyotime, A0468 1:200), goat anti‐rabbit IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 350) (Beyotime, A0408, 1:200), and goat anti‐mouse IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 647) (Beyotime, A0473, 1:200).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Knockdown, Over Expression, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Immunolabeling

Journal: CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

Article Title: TTBK2‐Driven Ciliogenesis Is Required for Intrinsic Neuronal Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury

doi: 10.1002/cns.70763

Figure Lengend Snippet: TTBK2 regulates axonal regeneration via the primary cilium–SHH pathway. (A–C) Volcano plots showing differentially expressed proteins between shTTBK2 vs. NC, shKIF3A vs. NC, and shKIF3A + TTBK2‐OE vs. shKIF3A. The x ‐axis represents log2 (fold change), and the y ‐axis represents −log10( p ‐value). Gray dots indicate proteins that did not meet significance thresholds ( p > 0.05). Blue and red dots indicate downregulated and upregulated proteins, respectively. (D) The heatmap displays differentially expressed proteins identified in each of the four experimental groups relative to the NC control group, with color intensity representing expression levels. (E–H) Western blotting analysis demonstrating significant reductions in MAP2, Gli1, and Smo protein expression in the shTTBK2 group ( n = 3 from 3 independent experiments). (I, J) Treatment with the SHH pathway agonist SAG restored MAP2 expression in shTTBK2 neurons ( n = 3, from 3 independent experiments * p < 0.05). (K, L) Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal neurons stained for TUJ1 (green), PSD95 (red), and DAPI (blue). TTBK2‐OE group showed markedly increased PSD95 expression compared to other groups ( n = 6 from 3 independent experiments). Scale bar, 5 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One‐way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The antibodies were rabbit anti‐GFAP (Abcam, ab7260, 1:5000) mouse anti‐beta III Tubulin (TUJ1) (Proteintech, 66375‐1‐Ig, 1:400), chicken anti‐MAP2 (MAP2) (Abcam, ab5392, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐Calb (Abcam, ab108404, 1:150), mouse monoclonal antibody to ACIII (AC3) (Encorbio, MCA‐1A12, 1:1000), chicken anti‐choline acetyltransferase antibody (ChAT) (Sigma‐Aldrich, AB15468, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐TTBK2 (Sigma‐Aldrich, AB805274 , 1:1000), rabbit anti‐neurofilament‐H (NF200) (Cell Signaling, 30564, 1:400), mouse monoclonal [Rat‐401] to nestin‐neural stem cell marker (Nestin) (Abcam, ab6142, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐PSD95 (Cell Signaling, 3450, 1:400), chicken anti‐GAP43 polyclonal antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, PA5‐95660, 1:500), goat anti‐chicken secondary antibody goat anti‐chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor 555) (Abcam, ab150170, 1:2000), goat anti‐rabbit IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 647) (Beyotime, A0468 1:200), goat anti‐rabbit IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 350) (Beyotime, A0408, 1:200), and goat anti‐mouse IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 647) (Beyotime, A0473, 1:200).

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

Article Title: TTBK2‐Driven Ciliogenesis Is Required for Intrinsic Neuronal Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury

doi: 10.1002/cns.70763

Figure Lengend Snippet: The TTBK2–SHH–MAP2 axis regulates endogenous neuronal repair following SCI. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of frozen spinal cord sections stained with GFAP (green), MAP2 (orange), TUJ1 (red), and DAPI (blue). Scale bars: Left, 200 μm; right, 50 μm ( n = 6 from six mice in each group). (B–D) The quantification of immunostaining showed increased GFAP in all injured groups. MAP2 levels in WT‐SCI were comparable to those in uninjured controls, while Ttbk2 fl/fl ‐SCI showed a marked reduction. TUJ1 staining indicated significantly higher immature neuron proportion in WT‐SCI than in other groups ( n = 6 from six mice in each group). (E, F) Co‐staining of NF200 (green) and Nestin (red) revealed elevated neural progenitor marker Nestin in injured groups. Ttbk2 fl/fl ‐SCI mice exhibited a higher Nestin/NF200 ratio than did WT‐SCI mice ( n = 6 from six mice in each group). (G–J) Western blotting results confirmed that MAP2, Smo, and Gli1 protein levels were significantly reduced in Ttbk2 fl/fl ‐SCI mice, indicating SHH pathway suppression ( n = 3 from three mice in each group). Bars and errors represent mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (one‐way ANOVA).

Article Snippet: The antibodies were rabbit anti‐GFAP (Abcam, ab7260, 1:5000) mouse anti‐beta III Tubulin (TUJ1) (Proteintech, 66375‐1‐Ig, 1:400), chicken anti‐MAP2 (MAP2) (Abcam, ab5392, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐Calb (Abcam, ab108404, 1:150), mouse monoclonal antibody to ACIII (AC3) (Encorbio, MCA‐1A12, 1:1000), chicken anti‐choline acetyltransferase antibody (ChAT) (Sigma‐Aldrich, AB15468, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐TTBK2 (Sigma‐Aldrich, AB805274 , 1:1000), rabbit anti‐neurofilament‐H (NF200) (Cell Signaling, 30564, 1:400), mouse monoclonal [Rat‐401] to nestin‐neural stem cell marker (Nestin) (Abcam, ab6142, 1:1000), rabbit anti‐PSD95 (Cell Signaling, 3450, 1:400), chicken anti‐GAP43 polyclonal antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, PA5‐95660, 1:500), goat anti‐chicken secondary antibody goat anti‐chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor 555) (Abcam, ab150170, 1:2000), goat anti‐rabbit IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 647) (Beyotime, A0468 1:200), goat anti‐rabbit IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 350) (Beyotime, A0408, 1:200), and goat anti‐mouse IgG (H + L) (Alexa Fluor 647) (Beyotime, A0473, 1:200).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Immunostaining, Marker, Western Blot

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Generation of a Pure Culture of Neuron-like Cells with a Glutamatergic Phenotype from Mouse Astrocytes

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10040928

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic design of the protocol for converting mouse astrocytes into neuron-like cells. ( b ) Neuronal conversion efficiency determined on day 4 after differentiation for NLC4 normalized to control astrocytes. ( c ) Neuronal purity determined on day 4 after differentiation for NLC4 normalized to control astrocytes. ( d ) Bright-field images of astrocytes–converted neuron-like cells on days 0, 4, and 10. Scale bar, 100 μm. ( e ) Immunofluorescence labeling with Tuj1, Map2, NeuN, and DCX on astrocytes–converted neuron-like cells on days 0, 4, and 10. Scale bar, 50 μm. ( f ) mRNA transcript levels of key neuronal transcription factors were assessed by qRT–PCR on days 0, 4, and 10. ( g ) mRNA transcript levels of key neuronal markers were assessed by qRT–PCR on days 0, 4, and 10.

Article Snippet: Figure S2. (a) Schematic design for screening small molecules from the MedChemExpress library (HY-L017). (b) Comparison of bright-field images and Tuj1+ immunostaining images from positive hits in the presence of the basal cocktail, medium control, and control.

Techniques: Control, Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Generation of a Pure Culture of Neuron-like Cells with a Glutamatergic Phenotype from Mouse Astrocytes

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10040928

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Representative bright-field image of NLCs from mouse astrocytes. The role of the small molecules was investigated by individually removing them from the 6C cocktail. Scale bar, 100 μm. ( b ) Immunostaining with Tuj1 to investigate the role of the small molecules. Scale bar, 50 μm. ( c ) Neuronal conversion efficiency.

Article Snippet: Figure S2. (a) Schematic design for screening small molecules from the MedChemExpress library (HY-L017). (b) Comparison of bright-field images and Tuj1+ immunostaining images from positive hits in the presence of the basal cocktail, medium control, and control.

Techniques: Immunostaining

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Generation of a Pure Culture of Neuron-like Cells with a Glutamatergic Phenotype from Mouse Astrocytes

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10040928

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of astrocyte to neuron conversion protocols.

Article Snippet: Figure S2. (a) Schematic design for screening small molecules from the MedChemExpress library (HY-L017). (b) Comparison of bright-field images and Tuj1+ immunostaining images from positive hits in the presence of the basal cocktail, medium control, and control.

Techniques: